Post-traumatic dementia: Advances in understanding neurodegenerative mechanisms

He Xiao-Jie; Wang Hui; Zhang Yi

doi:10.1016/j.cmsj.2026.08.001

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Post-traumatic dementia: Advances in understanding neurodegenerative mechanisms

Chinese Medical Sciences Journal Vol. 41, Issue 2, Pages: 76-83(2026)

Review Article | Updated：2026-10-16

- Post-traumatic dementia: Advances in understanding neurodegenerative mechanisms
- Affiliations：
  
  Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, Shaanxi, China
  Department of Neurosurgery, Shaanxi Nuclear Industry 215 Hospital, Xianyang 712000, Shaanxi, China
- Author bio：
  
  Corresponding author. E-mail: xy215wh2660@163.com (H. Wang) .
- Funds：
- DOI：10.1016/j.cmsj.2026.08.001
  CLC：
- Published：2026-06
- Accepted：
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He Xiao-Jie, Wang Hui, Zhang Yi. Post-traumatic dementia: Advances in understanding neurodegenerative mechanisms[J]. Chinese Medical Sciences Journal, 2026, 41(2): 76-83.
DOI：

He Xiao-Jie, Wang Hui, Zhang Yi. Post-traumatic dementia: Advances in understanding neurodegenerative mechanisms[J]. Chinese Medical Sciences Journal, 2026, 41(2): 76-83. DOI： 10.1016/j.cmsj.2026.08.001.

摘要

Abstract

Traumatic brain injury can trigger long-term neurodegenerative diseases beyond its devastating acute effects. This narrative review summarizes current understanding of the neurodegenerative mechanisms underlying posttraumatic dementia. Core mechanisms involve multiple pathophysiological processes: long-term dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier

which impairs the clearance of toxic proteins; diffuse axonal injury

leading topersistent disruption of axonal transport

dysregulation of calcium homeostasis

and Wallerian-like degeneration; and the abnormal deposition of key pathological proteins such as amyloid-

hyperphosphorylation and propagation of tau protein

and dysfunctional TAR DNA-binding protein-43

all of which disrupt protein homeostasis. In addition

chronic neuroinflammation mediated by microglia and astrocytes acts as a critical link

continuously exacerbating synaptic damage and neurodegeneration through the release of pro-inflammatory factors. Genetic factors

such as the

APOE4

allele

can significantly amplify these pathological processes. Collectively

this evidence indi

cates that traumatic brain injury is not an isolated acute event but rather initiates and accelerates a long-term

multifactorial neurodegenerative cascade

ultimately resulting in cognitive dysfunction. These insights provide important targets for the development of targeted intervention strategies.

关键词

Keywords

references

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