Objective To investigate the impact of hepatitis B virus （HBV） and hepatitis C virus （HCV） infection on the long-term survival of renal transplantation recipients. Methods A total of 443 patients who received renal allografts from 1992 to 2002 were analyzed. Outcome and survival were compared among four groups retrospectively. Results Twelve patients were positive for both hepatitis B surface antigen （HBsAg） and HCV antibody （anti-HCV） （group 1）

18 were HBsAg-positive and anti-HCV-negative （group 2）

26 were HBsAg-negative and anti-HCV-positive （group 3） and 387 were negative for both markers （group 4）. The mean follow-up period was 6.1 ± 2.8 years （range

0.5-10 years） for all patients. Group 2 had significantly higher liver-related complications （38.9%） and liver-related death （16.7%） than did group 4 （0%

P < 0.01）. Among all patients

4 HBsAg-positive patients had fulminant hepatitis and died within two years of transplantation. Three patients （group 2） who died were seropositive for HBeAg and/or HBV DNA and none had a history of or positive serologic marker to indicate hepatitis of other etiologies. One （group 1）

two （group 2）

and one patient （group 3） developed liver cirrhosis respectively

and hepatocellular carcinoma occurred in two patients （group 2） and one patient （group 3）. Despite high liver-related mortality in HBV-infected patients

no significant differences among the four groups in the long-term graft and patient survivals were demonstrated. The presence of HBsAg or anti-HCV was not associated with poor prognosis as determined by Cox regression analysis. Conclusion HBV or HCV infection is not a contraindiction to kidney transplantation in Chinese patients. However

it should be noted that serious liver-related complications may occur and limit survival in patients infected with HBV and/or HCV after kidney transplantation.