Chinese Guideline on the Management of Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy (2022)

You-Xin Chen; Yu-Qing Zhang; Chang-Zheng Chen; Hong Dai; Su-Yan Li; Xiang Ma; Xiao-Dong Sun; Shi-Bo Tang; Yu-Sheng Wang; Wen-Bin Wei; Feng Wen; Ge-Zhi Xu; Wei-Hong Yu; Mei-Xia Zhang; Ming-Wei Zhao; Yang Zhang; Fang Qi; Xun Xu; Xiao-Xin Li

doi:10.24920/004213

Your Location：

Home >

Browse articles >

Chinese Guideline on the Management of Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy (2022)

Chinese Medical Sciences Journal Vol. 38, Issue 2, Pages: 77-93(2023)

Updated：2024-06-12

- Chinese Guideline on the Management of Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy (2022)
- Affiliations：
  
  1. 1Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
  2. 2Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
  3. 3Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
  4. 4Ningbo Nottingham GRADE center, University of Nottingham, Ningbo, China
  5. 5Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
  6. 6CEBIM (Center for Evidence Based Integrative Medicine)-Clarity Collaboration, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
  7. 7Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  8. 8Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China
  9. 9Department of Ophthalmology, Xuzhou Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou medical University, Xuzhou, China
  10. 10Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
  11. 11Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
  12. 12Aire Eye Hospital, Changsha, China
  13. 13Department of Ophthalmology, Xijing Hospital, Fouth Military Medical University, Xi‘an, China
  14. 14Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, China
  15. 15State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
  16. 16Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
  17. 17Department of Ophthalmology, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
  18. 18Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
  19. 19Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
  20. 20Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai, China
  21. 21Eye Center of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
  22. 22People Eye Center of People’s Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Author bio：
  
  *Xun Xu, E-mail: drxuxun@sjtu.edu.cn;
  Xiaoxin Li, E-mail: dr_lixiaoxin@163.com
- Funds：
- DOI：10.24920/004213
  CLC：
- Accepted：2023-04-06，
  
  Published Online：31 May 2023，
  
  Published：30 June 2023
- Accepted：
Scan QR Code
You-Xin Chen, Yu-Qing Zhang, Chang-Zheng Chen, et al. Chinese Guideline on the Management of Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy (2022)[J]. Chinese medical sciences journal, 2023, 38(2): 77-93.
DOI：

You-Xin Chen, Yu-Qing Zhang, Chang-Zheng Chen, et al. Chinese Guideline on the Management of Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy (2022)[J]. Chinese medical sciences journal, 2023, 38(2): 77-93. DOI： 10.24920/004213.

摘要

背景

在中国，新生血管性年龄相关黄斑变性患者中约有40%患有多灶性脉络膜血管病变（polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy，PCV）。PCV会导致反复视网膜色素上皮脱离（pigment epithelium detachment

PED）、广泛的视网膜下或玻璃体内出血，以及严重的视力损失。近年来，已有多种该病的治疗方法在中国使用，临床医生需要获得治疗PCV的全面经验。

方法

由14名具有专业背景的眼科专家形成指南专家组，重点关注如下方面问题和相应的结局：非活动性PCV患者的治疗选择；未经治疗的PCV患者的治疗选择，包括抗血管内皮生长因子（vascular endothelial growth factor，VEGF）单药治疗、光动力疗法（photodynamic therapy，PDT）单药治疗或联合治疗；抗VEGF负荷治疗后仍有持续性视网膜下液（subretinal fluid，SRF）或视网膜内液（intraretinal fluid，IRF）的患者，以及伴有大量视网膜下出血的患者的治疗选择。证据整合团队在各个问题下进行系统评价，为推荐意见的形成提供依据。本指南采用GRADE方法评估证据的可信性，并确定推荐的强度。

结果

指南专家组共形成了以下六条弱强度推荐意见：（1）对于非活动性PCV患者，建议观察而非立即治疗；（2）对于未经治疗的PCV患者，建议采用抗VEGF单药治疗或抗VEGF联合PDT，而非单独使用PDT；（3）对于拟进行抗VEGF联合PDT治疗的PCV患者，建议采用延迟/挽救PDT而非起始联合PDT；（4）对于拟进行抗VEGF单药治疗的P

CV患者，建议在完成三个月负荷治疗后采用“治疗和延长”(treat and extend，T

amp;E)方案，而非“按需治疗” (pro re nata，PRN)方案；（5）对于抗VEGF负荷治疗三个月后在光学相干断层扫描（optical coherence tomography，OCT）上出现持续性SRF或IRF的患者，建议继续抗VEGF治疗而非停药观察；（6）对于伴有新鲜大量视网膜出血且累及黄斑区的PCV患者，建议进行玻璃体切除术联合玻璃体腔内注射组织纤溶酶原激活剂及气体填充，而非抗VEGF单药治疗。

结论

本指南共形成6条推荐意见，以支持PCV患者的最佳治疗选择。

Abstract

Background

In mainland China

patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) have approximately an 40% prevalence of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV). This disease leads to recurrent retinal pigment epithelium detachment (PED)

extensive subretinal or vitreous hemorrhages

and severe vision loss. China has introduced various treatment modalities in the past years and gained comprehensive experience in treating PCV.

Methods

A total of 14 retinal specialists nationwide with expertise in PCV were empaneled to prioritize six questions and address their corresponding outcomes

regarding opinions on inactive PCV

choices of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) monotherapy

photodynamic therapy (PDT) monotherapy or combined therapy

patients with persistent subretinal fluid (SRF) or intraretinal fluid (IRF) after loading dose anti-VEGF

and patients with massive subretinal hemorrhage. An evidence synthesis team conducted systematic reviews

which informed the recommendations that address these questions. This guideline used the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations

Assessment

Development

and Evaluation) approach to assess the certainty of evidence and grade the strengths of recommendations.

Results

The panel proposed the following six conditional recommendations regarding treatment choices. (1) For patients with inactive PCV

we suggest observation over treatment. (2) For treatment-na

#x000ef;ve PCV patients

we suggest either anti-VEGF monotherapy or combined anti-VEGF and PDT rather than PDT monotherapy. (3)

For patients with PCV who plan to initiate combined anti-VEGF and PDT treatment

we suggest later/rescue PDT over initiate PDT. (4) For PCV patients who plan to initiate anti-VEGF monotherapy

we suggest the treat and extend (T

amp;E) regimen rather than the

pro re nata

(PRN) regimen following three monthly loading doses. (5) For patients with persistent SRF or IRF on optical coherence tomography (OCT) after three monthly anti-VEGF treatments

we suggest proceeding with anti-VEGF treatment rather than observation. (6) For PCV patients with massive subretinal hemorrhage (equal to or more than four optic disc areas) involving the central macula

we suggest surgery (vitrectomy in combination with tissue-plasminogen activator (tPA) intraocular injection and gas tamponade) rather than anti-VEGF monotherapy.

Conclusions

Six evidence-based recommendations support optimal care for PCV patients’ management.

关键词

Keywords

references

Spaide RF , Jaffe GJ , Sarraf D , et al . Consensus Nomenclature for Reporting Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration Data: Consensus on Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration Nomenclature Study Group . Ophthalmology 2020 ;127 ( 5 ): 616 - 36 . doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2019.11.004 https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2019.11.004 . DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2019.11.004 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2019.11.004

Spaide RF , Yannuzzi LA , Slakter JS , et al . Indocyanine green videoangiography of idiopathic polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy . Retina 1995 ; 15 ( 2 ): 100 - 10 . doi: 10.1097/00006982-199515020-00003 https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006982-199515020-00003 . DOI: 10.1097/00006982-199515020-00003 http://doi.org/10.1097/00006982-199515020-00003

Han LH , Yuan LF , Liang X , et al . Combined therapy versus anti-vascular endothelial growth factor monotherapy for polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy: a meta-analysis . Int J Ophthalmol 2017 ; 10 ( 8 ): 1280 - 9 . doi: 10.18240/ijo.2017.08.16 https://dx.doi.org/10.18240/ijo.2017.08.16 . DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2017.08.16 http://doi.org/10.18240/ijo.2017.08.16

Qu J , Cheng Y , Li X , et al . Efficacy of intravitreal injection of conbercept in polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy: Subgroup analysis of the aurora study . Retina 2016 ; 36 ( 5 ): 926 - 37 . doi: 10.1097/iae.0000000000000875 https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/iae.0000000000000875 . DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000000875 http://doi.org/10.1097/iae.0000000000000875

Li XX , Zhu Q , Egger A , et al . Two different treatment regimens of ranibizumab 0.5 mg for neovascular age-related macular degeneration with or without polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy in Chinese patients: results from the phase IV, randomized, DRAGON study . Acta Ophthalmol 2021 ; 99 ( 3 ): e336 -e45. doi: 10.1111/aos.14588 https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aos . DOI: 10.1111/aos.14588 http://doi.org/10.1111/aos.14588

Cheung CMG , Yanagi Y , Akiba M , et al . Improved detection and diagnosis of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy using a combination of optical coherence tomography and optical coherence tomography angiography . Retina 2019 ; 39 ( 9 ): 1655 - 63 . doi: 10.1097/iae.0000000000002228 https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/iae.0000000000002228 . DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000002228 http://doi.org/10.1097/iae.0000000000002228

Koh AHC , Chen LJ , Chen SJ , et al . Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy: evidence-based guidelines for clinical diagnosis and treatment . Retina 2013 ; 33 ( 4 ): 686 - 716 . doi: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e3182852446 https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/IAE.0b013e3182852446 . DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e3182852446 http://doi.org/10.1097/IAE.0b013e3182852446

Bo Q , Yan Q , Shen M , et al . Appearance of polypoidal lesions in patients with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy using swept-source optical coherence tomographic angiography . JAMA Ophthalmol 2019 ; 137 ( 6 ): 642 - 50 . doi: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2019.0449 https://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2019.0449 . DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2019.0449 http://doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2019.0449

De Carlo TE , Kokame GT , Kaneko KN , et al . Sensitivity and specificity of detecting polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy with en face optical coherence tomography and optical coherence tomography angiography . Retina 2019 ; 39 ( 7 ): 1343 - 52 . doi: 10.1097/iae.0000000000002139 https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/iae.0000000000002139 . DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000002139 http://doi.org/10.1097/iae.0000000000002139

Chen LJ , Cheng CK , Yeung L , et al . Management of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy: Experts consensus in Taiwan . J Formos Med Assoc 2019 ; 19 ( 2 ): 569 - 76 . doi: 10.1016/j.jfma.2019.04.012 https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfma.2019.04.012 . DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2019.04.012 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfma.2019.04.012

Cheung CMG , Lai TYY , Ruamviboonsuk P , et al . Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy: definition, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management . Ophthalmology 2018 ; 125 ( 5 ): 708 - 24 . doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2017.11.019 https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2017.11.019 . DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2017.11.019 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2017.11.019

Institute of Medicine US committee on Standards for developing Trustworthy clinical practice Guideline . Graham R, Greenfield S, Steinberg E. Clinical Practice Guidelines We Can Trust . Washington(DC) : National Academies Press ; 2011 . doi: 10.17226/13058 https://dx.doi.org/10.17226/13058 . DOI: 10.17226/13058 http://doi.org/10.17226/13058

Alonso-Coello P , Oxman AD , Moberg J , et al . GRADE Evidence to Decision (EtD) frameworks: a systematic and transparent approach to making well informed healthcare choices. 2: Clinical practice guidelines . BMJ 2016 ; 353 : i 2089. doi: 10.1136/bmj.i2089 https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i2089 . DOI: 10.1136/bmj.i2089 http://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i2089

Guyatt GH , Oxman AD , Kunz R , et al . GRADE Working Group. GRADE guidelines: 7. Rating the quality of evidence-inconsistency . J Clin Epidemiol 2011 ; 64 : 1294 - 302 . doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2011.03.017 https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2011.03.017 . DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2011.03.017 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2011.03.017 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S089543561100182X https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S089543561100182X

Guyatt GH , Oxman AD , Vist GE , et al . GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations . BMJ 2008 ; 336 : 924 - 26 . doi: 10.1136/bmj.39489.470347.AD https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39489.470347.AD . DOI: 10.1136/bmj.39489.470347.AD http://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39489.470347.AD https://www.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmj.39489.470347.AD https://www.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmj.39489.470347.AD

Schunemann HJ , Mustafa R , Brozek J , et al . GRADE Guidelines: 16. GRADE evidence to decision frameworks for tests in clinical practice and public health . J Clin Epidemiol 2016 ; 76 : 89 - 98 . doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2016.01.032 https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2016.01.032 . DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2016.01.032 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2016.01.032

Higgins JPT , Deeks JJ , Altman DG. Editors . Special topics in statistics . In: Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 5.1.0. updated March 2011. The cochrane collaberation 2011. Avail-able from www.handbook.cochrane.org. Accessed: October 17, 2019.

Stang A . Critical evaluation of the Newcastle-Ottawa scale for the assessment of the quality of nonrandomized studies in meta-analyses . Eur J Epidemiol 2010 ; 25 : 603 - 5 . doi: 10.1007/s10654-010-9491-z https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10654-010-9491-z . DOI: 10.1007/s10654-010-9491-z http://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-010-9491-z

Schunemann HJ , Oxman AD , Vist GE , et al . 12 Interpreting results and drawing conclusions . In: Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions (lst ed). New York : Wiley ; 2008. p359 .

Balshem H , Helfand M , Schunemann HJ , et al . GRADE guidelines: 3. Rating the quality of evidence . J Clin Epidemiol 2011 ; 64 : 401 - 6 . doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.07.015 https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.07.015 . DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.07.015 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.07.015

Cheung CM , Laude A , Yeo I , et al . Systemic, ocular and genetic risk factors for age-related macular degeneration and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy in Singaporeans . Sci Rep 2017 ; 7 : 41386 . doi: 10.1038/srep41386 https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep41386 . DOI: 10.1038/srep41386 http://doi.org/10.1038/srep41386

Fujiwara K , Yasuda M , Hata J , et al . Prevalence and risk factors for polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy in a general Japanese population: the hisayama study . Semin Ophthalmol 2018 ; 33 ( 6 ): 813 - 19 . doi: 10.1080/08820538.2018.1506483 https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08820538.2018.1506483 . DOI: 10.1080/08820538.2018.1506483 http://doi.org/10.1080/08820538.2018.1506483

Meng Q , Huang L , Sun Y , et al . Effect of high-density lipoprotein metabolic pathway gene variations and risk factors on neovascular age-related macular degeneration and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy in China . PLoS One 2015 ; 10 ( 12 ): e0143 924. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143924 https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0143924 . DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143924 http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0143924

Sho K , Takahashi K , Yamada H , et al . Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy: incidence, demographic features, and clinical characteristics . Archiv Ophthalmol 2003 ; 121 ( 10 ): 1392 - 96 . doi: 10.1001/archopht.121.10.1392 https://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archopht.121.10.1392 . DOI: 10.1001/archopht.121.10.1392 http://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.121.10.1392

Woo SJ , Ahn J , Morrison MA , et al . Analysis of genetic and environmental risk factors and their interactions in korean patients with age-related macular degeneration . PLoS One 2015 ; 10 ( 7 ): e0132771 . doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132771 https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0132771 . DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132771 http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0132771

Kikuchi M , Nakamura M , Ishikawa K , et al . Elevated C-reactive protein levels in patients with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy and patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration . Ophthalmology 2007 ; 114 ( 9 ): 1722 - 27 . doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2006.12.021 https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2006.12.021 . DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2006.12.021 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2006.12.021

Sakurada Y , Nakamura Y , Yoneyama S , et al . Aqueous humor cytokine levels in patients with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy and neovascular age-related macular degeneration . Ophthalmic Res 2015 ; 53 ( 1 ): 2 - 7 . doi: 10.1159/000365487 https://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000365487 . DOI: 10.1159/000365487 http://doi.org/10.1159/000365487

Okubo A , Arimura N , Abematsu N , et al . Predictable signs of benign course of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy: based upon the long-term observation of non-treated eyes . Acta Ophthalmol 2010 ; 88 : e107 -e14. doi: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2009.01850.x https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-3768.2009.01850.x . DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2009.01850.x http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-3768.2009.01850.x http://blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/aos.2010.88.issue-4 http://blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/aos.2010.88.issue-4

Zeng R , Zhang X , Li M , et al . Pilot study of inactive polypoidal lesions in polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy . Eur J Ophthalmol 2015 ; 25 ( 3 ): 222 - 28 . doi: 10.5301/ejo.5000532 https://dx.doi.org/10.5301/ejo.5000532 . DOI: 10.5301/ejo.5000532 http://doi.org/10.5301/ejo.5000532

Koh A , Lee W , Chen L , et al . EVEREST study: efficacy and safety of verteporfin photodynamic therapy in combination with ranibizumab or alone versus ranibizumab monotherapy in patients with symptomatic macular polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy . Retina 2012 ; 32 ( 8 ): 1453 - 64 . doi: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e31824f91e8 https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/IAE.0b013e31824f91e8 . DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e31824f91e8 http://doi.org/10.1097/IAE.0b013e31824f91e8

Oishi A , Kojima H , Mandai M , et al . Comparison of the effect of ranibizumab and verteporfin for polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy: 12-month LAPTOP study results . Am J Ophthalmol 2013 ; 156 ( 4 ): 644 - 51 . doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2013.05.024 https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2013.05.024 . DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2013.05.024 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2013.05.024

Guo Y . [Photodynamic therapy combined with intravitreal injection of ranibizumab for polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy] . [dissertation ] Nanhua University; 2014.

Zhao J , Ma LB . [Efficacy of intravitreal ranibizumab in combination with photodynamic therapy on polypoid choroidal vasculopathy] . Chin J Ophthalmol 2016 ;26 ( 6 ): 387 - 90 . Chinese. doi: 10.13444/j.cnki.zgzyykzz.2016.06.010 https://dx.doi.org/10.13444/j.cnki.zgzyykzz.2016.06.010 . DOI: 10.13444/j.cnki.zgzyykzz.2016.06.010 http://doi.org/10.13444/j.cnki.zgzyykzz.2016.06.010

Lai KB , Li Y , Zhou LJ , et al . Comparison of the effects of photodynamic therapy, intravitreal ranibizumab and combination for polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy under 1+PRN regimen . BMC Ophthalmol 2018 ; 18 : 9 . doi: 10.1186/s12886-018-0801-7 https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12886-018-0801-7 . DOI: 10.1186/s12886-018-0801-7 http://doi.org/10.1186/s12886-018-0801-7

Lee WK , Iida T , Ogura Y , et al . Efficacy and safety of intravitreal aflibercept for polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy in the PLANET study: a randomized clinical trial . JAMA Ophthalmol 2018 ; 136 ( 7 ): 786 - 93 . doi: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2018.1804 https://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2018.1804 . DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2018.1804 http://doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2018.1804

Wong T , Ogura Y , Lee W , et al . Efficacy and Safety of intravitreal aflibercept for polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy: two-year results of the aflibercept in polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy study . Am J Ophthalmol 2019 ; 204 : 80 - 9 . doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2019.02.027 https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2019.02.027 . DOI: S0002-9394(19)30086-8 http://doi.org/S0002-9394(19)30086-8

Koh A , Lai T , Takahashi K , et al . Efficacy and safety of ranibizumab with or without verteporfin photodynamic therapy for polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy: a randomized clinical trial . JAMA Ophthalmol 2017 ; 135 ( 11 ): 1206 - 13 . doi: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2017.4030 https://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2017.4030 . DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2017.4030 http://doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2017.4030

Yoon LJ , Young LS , June-Gone K , et al . Intravitreal bevacizumab alone versus in combination with photodynamic therapy for the treatment of neovascular maculopathy in patients aged 50 years or older: 1-year results of a prospective clinical study . Acta Ophthalmol 2012 ; 90 : 61 - 7 . doi: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2009.01841.x https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-3768.2009.01841.x . DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2009.01841.x http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-3768.2009.01841.x

Li J , Sun JH , Li B , et al . Intravitreal ranibizumab injection combined with photodynamic therapy for polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy . Exp Ther Med 2018 ; 15 ( 2 ): 1546 - 51 . doi: 10.3892/etm.2017.5565 https://dx.doi.org/10.3892/etm.2017.5565 . DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5565 http://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2017.5565

Guo H , Zhao M , Yan B . [Comparison of visual prognosis between vitreous cavity injection of ranibizumab and vitreous cavity injection of ranibizumab combined with photodynamic therapy for polypoid choroidal vasculopathy] . J Clin Med Literat 2016 ; 3 ( 58 ):11637. Chinese. doi: 10.3877/j.issn.2095-8242.2016.58.142 https://dx.doi.org/10.3877/j.issn.2095-8242.2016.58.142 . DOI: 10.3877/j.issn.2095-8242.2016.58.142 http://doi.org/10.3877/j.issn.2095-8242.2016.58.142

Huang Z , Ding Q , Yan M , et al . Short-term efficacy of conbercept and ranibizumab for polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy . Retina 2019 ; 39 ( 5 ): 889 - 95 . doi: 10.1097/iae.0000000000002035 https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/iae.0000000000002035 . DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000002035 http://doi.org/10.1097/iae.0000000000002035

Kitahashi M , Baba T , Sakurai M , et al . Pneumatic displacement with intravitreal bevacizumab for massive submacular hemorrhage due to polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy . Clin Ophthalmol 2014 ; 8 : 485 - 92 . doi: 10.2147/opth.s55413 https://dx.doi.org/10.2147/opth.s55413 . DOI: 10.2147/opth.s55413 http://doi.org/10.2147/opth.s55413

Gomi F , Oshima Y , Mori R , et al . Initial versus delayed photodynamic therapy in combination with ranibizumab for treatment of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy . Retina 2015 ; 35 ( 8 ): 1569 - 76 . doi: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000000526 https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/IAE.0000000000000526 . DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000000526 http://doi.org/10.1097/IAE.0000000000000526

Ohji M , Takahashi K , Okada AA , et al . Efficacy and safety of intravitreal aflibercept treat-and-extend regimens in exudative age-related macular degeneration: 52- and 96-week findings from ALTAIR : a randomized controlled trial . Adv Ther 2020 ; 37 ( 3 ): 1173 - 87 . doi: 10.1007/s12325-020-01236-x https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12325-020-01236-x . DOI: 10.1007/s12325-020-01236-x http://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-020-01236-x

Eldem BM , Muftuoglu G , Topbas S , et al . A randomized trial to compare the safety and efficacy of two ranibizumab dosing regimens in a Turkish cohort of patients with choroidal neovascularization secondary to AMD . Acta ophthalmol 2015 ; 93 ( 6 ): e458 - 64 . doi: 10.1111/aos.12540 https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aos.12540 . DOI: 10.1111/aos.12540 http://doi.org/10.1111/aos.12540

Aurell S , Sjovall K , Paul A , et al . Better visual outcome at 1 year with antivascular endothelial growth factor treatment according to treat-and-extend compared with pro re nata in eyes with neovascular age-related macular degeneration . Acta Ophthalmol 2019 ; 97 ( 5 ): 519 - 24 . doi: 10.1111/aos.13989 https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aos.13989 . DOI: 10.1111/aos.13989 http://doi.org/10.1111/aos.13989

Garweg Justus G , Niderprim Sophie A , Russ Hanna M , et al . Comparison of strategies of treatment with ranibizumab in newly-diagnosed cases of neovascular age-related macular degeneration . J Ocular Pharmac Therapeut 2017 ; 33 ( 10 ): 773 - 8 . doi: 10.1089/jop.2017.0006 https://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jop.2017.0006 . DOI: 10.1089/jop.2017.0006 http://doi.org/10.1089/jop.2017.0006

Hanemoto T , Hikichi Y , Kikuchi N , et al . The impact of different anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatment regimens on reducing burden for caregivers and patients with wet age-related macular degeneration in a single-center real-world Japanese setting . PLoS One 2017 ; 12 ( 12 ): e0189035 . doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189035 https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0189035 . DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189035 http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0189035

Oubraham H , Cohen SY , Samimi S , et al . Inject and extend dosing versus dosing as needed: a comparative retrospective study of ranibizumab in exudative age-related macular degeneration . Retina 2011 ; 31 ( 1 ): 26 - 30 . doi: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e3181de5609 https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/IAE.0b013e3181de5609 . DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e3181de5609 http://doi.org/10.1097/IAE.0b013e3181de5609

Johnston RL , Carius HJ , Skelly A , et al . A retrospective study of ranibizumab treatment regimens for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) in Australia and the United Kingdom . Adv Ther 2017 ; 34 ( 3 ): 703 - 12 . doi: 10.1007/s12325-017-0483-1 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12325-017-0483-1 . DOI: 10.1007/s12325-017-0483-1 http://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-017-0483-1

Hatz K , Prunte C . Treat and Extend versus Pro Re Nata regimens of ranibizumab in neovascular age-related macular degeneration: a comparative 12 Month study . Acta ophthalmol 2017 ; 95 ( 1 ): e67 -e72. doi: 10.1111/aos.13031 https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aos . DOI: 10.1111/aos.13031 http://doi.org/10.1111/aos.13031

Spooner K , Fraser-Bell S , Cozzi M , et al . Macular atrophy in eyes with neovascular age-related macular degeneration treated with vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors using a treat-and-extend or pro re nata regimen: 4-year results of the MANEX study . Ophthalmology 2020 ; 127 ( 12 ): 1663 - 73 . doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2020.06.019 https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2020.06.019 . DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2020.06.019 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2020.06.019

Augsburger M , Sarra GM , Imesch P . Treat and extend versus pro re nata regimens of ranibizumab and aflibercept in neovascular age-related macular degeneration: a comparative study . Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2019 ; 257 ( 9 ): 1889 - 95 . doi: 10.1007/s00417-019-04404-0 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00417-019-04404-0 . DOI: 10.1007/s00417-019-04404-0 http://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-019-04404-0

Saito M , Kano M , Itagaki K , et al . Subfoveal choroidal thickness in polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy after switching to intravitreal aflibercept injection . Jpn J Ophthalmol 2015 ; 60 ( 1 ): 35 - 41 . doi: 10.1007/s10384-015-0411-3 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10384-015-0411-3 . DOI: 10.1007/s10384-015-0411-3 http://doi.org/10.1007/s10384-015-0411-3

Moon DRC , Lee DK , Kim SH , et al . Aflibercept treatment for neovascular age-related macular degeneration and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy refractory to anti-vascular endothelial growth factor . Korean J Ophthalmol 2015 ; 29 ( 4 ): 226 - 32 . doi: 10.3341/kjo.2015.29.4.226 https://dx.doi.org/10.3341/kjo.2015.29.4.226 . DOI: 10.3341/kjo.2015.29.4.226 http://doi.org/10.3341/kjo.2015.29.4.226

Azuma K , Obata R , Nomura Y , et al . Angiographic findings of ranibizumab-resistant polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy after switching to a treat-and-extend regimen with intravitreal aflibercept . Retina 2016 ; 36 ( 11 ): 2158 - 65 . doi: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000001047 https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/IAE.0000000000001047 . DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000001047 http://doi.org/10.1097/IAE.0000000000001047

Uyama M , Wada M , Nagai Y , et al . Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy: natural history . Am J Ophthalmol 2002 ; 133 ( 5 ): 639 - 48 . doi: 10.1016/s0002-9394(02)01404-6 https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9394(02)01404-6 . DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9394(02)01404-6 http://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9394(02)01404-6

Shin JY , Lee JM , Byeon SH . Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor with or without pneumatic displacement for submacular hemorrhage . Am J Ophthalmol 2015 ;159 ( 5 ): 904 - 14 .e1. doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2015.01.024 https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2015.01.024 . DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2015.01.024 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2015.01.024

Nam K , Kim JY , Lee SJ , et al . Comparison of visual outcome between intravitreal gas injection with t-PA and intravitreal anti-VEGF injection as an initial treatment for submacular hemorrhage associated with ARMD . Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019 ;60 ( 9 ): 1176 .

Cho HJ , Koh KM , Kim JH , et al . Intravitreal ranibizumab injections with and without pneumatic displacement for treating submacular hemorrhage secondary to neovascular age-related macular degeneration . Retina 2015 ; 35 ( 2 ): 205 - 12 . doi: 10.1097/iae.0000000000000295 https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/iae.0000000000000295 . DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000000295 http://doi.org/10.1097/iae.0000000000000295

Kang HG , Kang H , Byeon SH , et al . Long-term visual outcomes for treatment of submacular haemorrhage secondary to polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy . Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2018 ; 46 ( 8 ): 916 - 25 . doi: 10.1111/ceo.13198 https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ceo.13198 . DOI: 10.1111/ceo.13198 http://doi.org/10.1111/ceo.13198

Sniatecki JJ , Ho-Yen G , Clarke B , et al . Treatment of submacular hemorrhage with tissue plasminogen activator and pneumatic displacement in age-related macular degeneration . Eur J Ophthalmol 2019 ;1120672119891625. doi: 10.1177/1120672119891625 https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1120672119891625 . DOI: 10.1177/1120672119891625 http://doi.org/10.1177/1120672119891625

Cho HJ , Koh KM , Kim HS , et al . Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor monotherapy in the treatment of submacular hemorrhage secondary to polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy . Am J Ophthalmol 2013 ; 156 ( 3 ): 524 - 31 . e1 . doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2013.04.029 https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2013.04.029 . DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2013.04.029 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2013.04.029

Isizaki E , Morishita S , Sato T , et al . Treatment of massive subretinal hematoma associated with age-related macular degeneration using vitrectomy with intentional giant tear . Int Ophthalmol 2016 ; 36 ( 2 ): 199 - 206 . doi: 10.1007/s10792-015-0102-6 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10792-015-0102-6 . DOI: 10.1007/s10792-015-0102-6 http://doi.org/10.1007/s10792-015-0102-6

Jung JH , Lee JK , Lee JE , et al . Results of vitrectomy for breakthrough vitreous hemorrhage associated with age-related macular degeneration and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy . Retina 2010 ; 30 ( 6 ): 865 - 73 . doi: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e3181c969e9 https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/IAE.0b013e3181c969e9 . DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e3181c969e9 http://doi.org/10.1097/IAE.0b013e3181c969e9

Kim JH , Kim CG , Lee DW , et al . Intravitreal aflibercept for submacular hemorrhage secondary to neovascular age-related macular degeneration and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy . Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2020 ; 258 ( 1 ): 107 - 16 . doi: 10.1007/s00417-019-04474-0 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00417-019-04474-0 . DOI: 10.1007/s00417-019-04474-0 http://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-019-04474-0

Kim KH , Kim JH , Chang YS , et al . Clinical outcomes of eyes with submacular hemorrhage secondary to age-related macular degeneration treated with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor . Korean J Ophthalmol 2015 ; 29 ( 5 ): 315 - 24 . doi: 10.3341/kjo.2015.29.5.315 https://dx.doi.org/10.3341/kjo.2015.29.5.315 . DOI: 10.3341/kjo.2015.29.5.315 http://doi.org/10.3341/kjo.2015.29.5.315

Kimura S , Morizane Y , Hosokawa MM , et al . Outcomes of vitrectomy combined with subretinal tissue plasminogen activator injection for submacular hemorrhage associated with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy . Jpn J Ophthalmol 2019 ; 63 ( 5 ): 382 - 8 . doi: 10.1007/s10384-019-00679-2 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10384-019-00679-2 . DOI: 10.1007/s10384-019-00679-2 http://doi.org/10.1007/s10384-019-00679-2

Kimura S , Morizane Y , Matoba R , et al . Retinal sensitivity after displacement of submacular hemorrhage due to polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy: effectiveness and safety of subretinal tissue plasminogen activator . Jpn J Ophthalmol 2017 ; 61 : 472 - 8 . doi: 10.1007/s10384-017-0530-0 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10384-017-0530-0 . DOI: 10.1007/s10384-017-0530-0 http://doi.org/10.1007/s10384-017-0530-0

Kitagawa Y , Shimada H , Mori R , et al . Intravitreal tissue plasminogen activator, ranibizumab, and gas injection for submacular hemorrhage in polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy . Ophthalmology 2016 ; 123 ( 6 ): 1278 - 86 . doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.01.035 https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.01.035 . DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.01.035 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.01.035

Kung YH , Wu TT , Hong MC , et al . Intravitreal tissue plasminogen activator and pneumatic displacement of submacular hemorrhage . J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2010 ; 26 ( 5 ): 469 - 74 . doi: 10.1089/jop.2010.0066 https://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jop.2010.0066 . DOI: 10.1089/jop.2010.0066 http://doi.org/10.1089/jop.2010.0066

Lin HC , Yang CH , Yang CM , et al . Visual outcomes of vitrectomy for polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy-related breakthrough vitreous haemorrhage . Eye 2014 ; 28 ( 7 ): 797 - 806 . doi: 10.1038/eye.2014.124 https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/eye.2014.124 . DOI: 10.1038/eye.2014.124 http://doi.org/10.1038/eye.2014.124

Lin TC , Hwang DK , Lee FL , et al . Visual prognosis of massive submacular hemorrhage in polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy with or without combination treatment . J Chin Med Assoc 2016 ; 79 ( 3 ): 159 - 65 . doi: 10.1016/j.jcma.2015.11.004 https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcma.2015.11.004 . DOI: 10.1016/j.jcma.2015.11.004 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcma.2015.11.004

Stifter E , Michels S , Prager F , et al . Intravitreal bevacizumab therapy for neovascular age-related macular degeneration with large submacular hemorrhage . Am J Ophthalmologica 2007 ; 144 ( 6 ): 886 - 92 . doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2007.07.034 https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2007.07.034 . DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2007.07.034 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2007.07.034

Yang Y , Li J , Liang J , et al . [Observation of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy with vitreous hemorrhage treated by microincision 25G pars plana vitrectomy] . Int Eye Sci 2020 ; 20 ( 3 ): 571 - 5 . Chinese. doi: 10.3980/j.issn.1672-5123.2020.3.39 https://dx.doi.org/10.3980/j.issn.1672-5123.2020.3.39 . DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.1672-5123.2020.3.39 http://doi.org/10.3980/j.issn.1672-5123.2020.3.39

Baek J , Kim JH , Lee MY , et al . Disease activity after development of large subretinal hemorrhage in polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy . Retina 2018 ; 38 ( 10 ): 1993 - 2000 . doi: 10.1097/iae.0000000000001817 https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/iae.0000000000001817 . DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000001817 http://doi.org/10.1097/iae.0000000000001817

Bi X , Chen S , Wang Y , et al . [Observation of vitrectomy on polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy with vitreous hemorrhage] . Chin J Practic Ophthalmol 2012 ; ( 6 ): 653 - 6 . Chinese. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1006-4443.2012.06.005 https://dx.doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.1006-4443.2012.06.005 . DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1006-4443.2012.06.005 http://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.1006-4443.2012.06.005

Li YS , Gao RY , Chen H . [Effect of vitrectomy combined with intravitreal Conbercept injection for polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy associated with vitreous hemorrhage] . Int Eye Sci 2017 ;17 ( 1 ): 113 - 7 . Chinese. doi: 10.3980/j.issn.1672-5123.2017.1.30 https://dx.doi.org/10.3980/j.issn.1672-5123.2017.1.30 . DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.1672-5123.2017.1.30 http://doi.org/10.3980/j.issn.1672-5123.2017.1.30

Pang L . [Efficacy of vitrectomy combined with postoperative anti-VEGF drugs in the treatment of PCV combined with vitreous hemorrhage][dissertation] . Nanchang: Nanchang University ; 2016.

She JT , Zhang GM , Zhao TY , et al . [Influence of intravitreal ranibizumab in pars plana vitrectomy on polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy with vitreous hemorrhage] . Chin J Practic Ophthalmol 2015 ; 33 ( 8 ): 913 - 17 . Chinese. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1006-4443.2015.08.019 https://dx.doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.1006-4443.2015.08.019 . DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1006-4443.2015.08.019 http://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.1006-4443.2015.08.019

Shen J , Xy LP , Meng XJ , et al . [Effect of vitrectomy with intravitreal Conbercept injection for polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy associated with vitreous hemorrhage] . Int Eye Sci 2018 ;18 ( 9 ): 1660 - 4 . Chinese. doi: 10.3980/j.issn.1672-5123.2018.9.23 https://dx.doi.org/10.3980/j.issn.1672-5123.2018.9.23 . DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.1672-5123.2018.9.23 http://doi.org/10.3980/j.issn.1672-5123.2018.9.23

Zhang S , Zhang J , Xu XY , et al . [The efficacy of intravitreal injection of tissue plasminogen activator, ranibizumab and C3F8 in the treatment of early submacular hemorrhage induce to polypoid choroid vasculopathy] . Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis 2018 ; 34 ( 5 ): 448 - 52 . Chinese. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1005-1015.2018.05.007 https://dx.doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.1005-1015.2018.05.007 . DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1005-1015.2018.05.007 http://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.1005-1015.2018.05.007

Yan J , Wu JH . [Effects of photodynamic therapy with Ranibizumab on visual acuity and postoperative complications in patients with PCV complicated with vitreous hemorrhage] . Int Eye Sci 2018 ; 18 ( 12 ): 2209 - 12 . Chinese. doi: 10.3980/j.issn.1672-5123.2018.12.20 https://dx.doi.org/10.3980/j.issn.1672-5123.2018.12.20 . DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.1672-5123.2018.12.20 http://doi.org/10.3980/j.issn.1672-5123.2018.12.20

Kimura S , Morizane Y , Hosokawa M , et al . Submacular hemorrhage in polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy treated by vitrectomy and subretinal tissue plasminogen activator . Am J Ophthalmol 2015 ; 159 ( 4 ): 683 - 9 . doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2014.12.020 https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2014.12.020 . DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2014.12.020 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2014.12.020

Kim JH , Chang YS , Lee DW , et al . Quantification of retinal changes after resolution of submacular hemorrhage secondary to polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy . Jpn J Ophthalmol 2018 ; 62 ( 1 ): 54 - 62 . doi: 10.1007/s10384-017-0549-2 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10384-017-0549-2 . DOI: 10.1007/s10384-017-0549-2 http://doi.org/10.1007/s10384-017-0549-2

Cheng Y , Shi X , Qu JF , et al . Comparison of the 1-year outcomes of conbercept therapy between two different angiographic subtypes of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy . Chin Med J (Engl) 2016 ; 129 ( 21 ): 2610 - 16 . doi: 10.4103/0366-6999.192779 https://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0366-6999.192779 . DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.192779 http://doi.org/10.4103/0366-6999.192779

Ye LH , Cai Y , Shi X , et al . One-year results of intravitreal conbercept in treatment-naïve subjects with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy . Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2021 ; 259 ( 6 ): 1455 - 62 . doi: 10.1007/s00417-020-04988-y https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00417-020-04988-y . DOI: 10.1007/s00417-020-04988-y http://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-020-04988-y

Qi HJ , Jin EZ , Zhao MW . One-year outcomes of intravitreal conbercept combined rescue therapy for polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy in a Chinese population: a real-life clinical data . Int J Ophthalmol 2019 ; 12 ( 1 ): 51 - 7 . doi: 10.18240/ijo.2019.01.08 https://dx.doi.org/10.18240/ijo.2019.01.08 . DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2019.01.08 http://doi.org/10.18240/ijo.2019.01.08

Peng Y , Zhang X , Li M , et al . Short-term efficacy of intravitreal conbercept in treatment-naive patients with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy . Drug Des Devel Ther 2018 ; 12 : 339 - 45 . doi: 10.2147/dddt.S158368 https://dx.doi.org/10.2147/dddt.S158368 . DOI: 10.2147/dddt.S158368 http://doi.org/10.2147/dddt.S158368 https://www.dovepress.com/drug-design-development-and-therapy-journal https://www.dovepress.com/drug-design-development-and-therapy-journal

Li F , Ma A , Zhao B . Comparison of the efficacy of three loading doses of intravitreal injection of conbercept with injection combined with PDT for the treatment of PCV . Biomed Res Int 2020 ; 2020 : 2428348 . doi: 10.1155/2020/2428348 https://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2428348 . DOI: 10.1155/2020/2428348 http://doi.org/10.1155/2020/2428348

Views

Downloads

CSCD

Alert me when the article has been cited

Submit

Publicity Resources

A Case of Refractory Childhood Glaucoma Secondary to Weill-Marchesani Syndrome: Management with Combined CO₂ Laser-Assisted Sclerectomy Surgery and Trabeculectomy

Related Author

Yang Zhang

Ailing Bian

Anyi Liang

Fei Mo

Gangwei Cheng

Related Institution

Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College

⁰