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2008 Year 2 Issue
- Abstract：The history of medical genetics is briefly reviewed.It is evident that medical genetics with its inseparable part,clinical genetics,started out as a clinical science from the very beginning.Its robust development in the developed countries is the result of a close interaction between the basic sciences and clinical genetics.In China,however,clinical genetics has not received due emphasis and medical genetics is still not recognized as one of the medical specialties.This is in marked contrast to the situation in the West.It is high time to acknowledge that medical genetics is a medical specialty and to promote clinical genetics service in qualified hospitals in our country.4|64|0Updated：2024-04-10
- Abstract：Objective To explore the ability of interictal diffusion-weighted imaging（DWI）to localize the temporal lobe of seizure origin and to predict postoperative seizure control in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy（TLE）.Methods Twenty-seven patients with intractable TLE considered for surgery and 19 healthy volunteers were studied with conventional magnetic resonance imaging（MRI）and DWI.Apparent diffusion coefficients（ADCs）of bilateral hippocampi in both TLE patients and control subjects were obtained.Lateralization to either temporal lobe with hippocampal ADC was based on the threshold values derived from ±1SD of right/left ratios in normal subjects.And the postoperative pathology was reviewed.Results Hippocampal ADCs were higher on the side of surgery compared with those on the contralateral side as well as the ipsilateral side in control subjects [resected side（109.8±7.3）×10-5 cm2/s,contralateral side（91.7±4.7）×10-5 cm2/s,control subjects（81.6±5.2）×10-5 cm2/s,all P<0.01].Right/left hippocampal ADC ratio and conventional MRI lateralized to the operated temporal lobe in 21 of 27（77.8%）and in 18 of 27（66.7%）patients.Lateralization to the surgical side was not associated with postoperative seizure control with right/left hippocampal ADC ratio（P>0.05）.Conclusions Conventional MRI is a sensitive method to detect hippocampal sclerosis.Accuracy of the right/left hippocampal ADC ratio for lateralizing to the side of surgery is very high,but it isn’t a better predictor of surgical outcome.4|21|2Updated：2024-04-10
- Abstract：Objective To investigate the effect of interleukin-6（IL-6）on the human growth hormone（hGH）gene expression in a rat somatotropic pituitary cell line MtT/S.Methods The plasmids containing various lengths of hGH gene 5’-promoter fragments were constructed.Stably transfected MtT/S cells were created by cotransfecting the above plasmids and pcDNA3.1（+）with DMRIE-C transfection reagent.After the administration of these cells with IL-6 and/or various inhibitors of signaling transduction pathways,the luciferase activities in MtT/S cells lysis were assayed to demonstrate the effects of IL-6 on hGH gene promoter activity and possibly involved mechanism.Results The 103 U/mL IL-6 stimulated GH secretion and synthesis,and promoted the 5’-promoter activity of GH gene in stably transfected MtT/SGL cells with the action of 1.69 times above the control.Among inhibitors of signaling transduction pathways,mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase（MAPKK/MEK）inhibitor PD98059（40 μmol/L）and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase（MAPK）inhibitor SB203580（5 μmol/L）completely blocked the stimulatory effect of IL-6.Western blot analysis further confirmed the activation of phosphorylated MEK and p38 MAPK in MtT/SGL cells.Neither over-expression of Pit-1 nor inhibition of Pit-1 expression affected IL-6 induction of hGH promoter activity.A series of deletion constructs of hGH promoter were created to identify the DNA sequence that mediated the effect of IL-6.The results showed that the stimulatory effect of IL-6 was abolished following deletion of the-196 to-132 bp fragment.Conclusions IL-6 promotes GH secretion and synthesis by rat MtT/S somatotroph cells.The stimulatory effect of IL-6 on hGH gene promoter appears to require the activation of MEK and p38 MAPK,and a fragment of promoter sequence that spans the-196 to-132 bp of the gene,but may be unlinked with Pit-1 protein.4|58|1Updated：2024-04-10
- Abstract：Objective To investigate the clinical and pathological characteristics of lupus nephritis patients complicated with malignant hypertension.Methods We retrospectively studied 19 patients with lupus nephritis complicated with malignant hypertension who underwent renal biopsy between January 2002 and December 2006.Results Of 19 patients,3 were men and 16 were women,with a mean age of 24.4±7.7 years old.All had positive antinuclear antibodies and low serum complement was found in 13 patients.All were anemic and 12 of them were thrombocytopenic.Impaired renal function was found in 17 patients with an average serum creatinine of 184.5±88.9 μmol/L.Severe intrarenal arteriolar lesion was found in all patients.Six patients had lupus vasculopathy,11 patients had renal thrombotic microangiopathy lesion,2 had severe arteriosclerosis.All patients received steroids and immunosuppressive drugs,15 received angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor（ACEI）/angiotensin receptor blocker（ARB）with resultant well-controlled blood pressure.Thrombocytopenia and hemolytic anemia resolved remarkably.The renal function improved or recovered in 14 of 17 patients,and 3 developed end-stage renal disease on maintenance dialysis.Conclusions Severe intrarenal vascular lesion complicated with renal nephritis parallels clinical manifestation of malignant hypertension.Renal pathology is the key of treatment strategy emphasizing on the significance of renal vascular involvement and type.On the basis of immunosuppressive drugs and steroids to control systemic lupus activity,timely initiation of ACEI/ARB could be of benefit to blood pressure control and long term renal survival.4|35|1Updated：2024-04-10
- Abstract：Objective To investigate the role of T cell and its subsets in the induction of insulitis and type 1 diabetes mellitus（T1DM）in BALB/c mice.Methods Autoimmune diabetes mellitus was developed by intraperitoneal injection of 40 mg/kg streptozotocin（STZ）daily for 5 consecutive days in BALB/c mice as sources of donor cells.Spleen cells from diabetic mice were then cultured for 7 days in the stimulation of interleukin-2（IL-2）to harvest diabetogenic T cells,which were subsequently transferred into normal BALB/c mice recipients.MTT,ELISA,and HE staining were used to analyze the lymphocyte proliferation,cytokine（IL-2,interferon-γ,IL-4,and IL-10）levels,and pathological changes in pancreatic islets.Results As few as 3×106 diabetogenic T cells successfully induced diabetes mellitus in recipients pretreated with STZ twice,whereas transfer of equal amount of normal splenocytes,T cell-depleted diabetogenic splenocytes,or diabetogenic CD4+ T cells alone in recipients receiving STZ twice pretreatment was proved not to induce diabetes mellitus either.A markedly increased lymphocyte proliferation,high levels of interferon-γ and IL-2 in the supernatants of diabetogenic T cells were observed.In addition,a markedly enhanced lymphocyte proliferation,a high level of interferon-γ secretion in serum,and numerous lymphocytes infiltration in pancreatic islets were detected in the diabetic mice induced by diabetogenic T cells transfer.Conclusions A novel T1DM murine model is established in STZ-pretreated BALB/c mice by adoptive transfer of diabetogenic T cells.CD4+ T cells with interferon-γ may promote the onset of diabetes mellitus.4|31|4Updated：2024-04-10
- Abstract：Objective To investigate the expressions of PTEN and Caspase-3 proteins in human breast carcinoma,and to evaluate their clinicopathological implications during the tumorigenesis and progression of breast cancer.Methods The expressions of PTEN and Caspase-3 proteins in 95 cases of breast cancer and 15 cases of benign breast diseases were investigated immunohistochemically.Correlations between the expression of PTEN protein,Caspase-3 protein,and clinicopathological features of breast cancers were analyzed.Results The loss expression rate of PTEN protein in tumor tissues was significantly higher than that in benign breast diseases（33.7% vs.0,P<0.01）.Analysis of the clinicopathological features showed that PTEN expression level was negatively correlated with TNM stage,histological grade,axillary lymph node status,recurrence,and metastasis（P<0.05）.The positive expression level of Caspase-3 was negatively correlated with TNM stage（P<0.01）,but not related with histological grade,axillary lymph node status,recurrence,or metastasis（P>0.05）.In addition,the expression of PTEN protein had significantly positive correlation with the expression of Caspase-3 protein in breast cancer（P<0.01）.Conclusion The combination detection of PTEN and Caspase-3 may serve as an important index to estimate the pathobiological behavior and prognosis of breast cancer.4|39|15Updated：2024-04-10
- Abstract：Objective To prepare and characterize polyelectrolyte multilayer film coated microbubbles for use as ultrasound contrast agent（UCA）and evaluate its effects in ultrasonic imaging on normal rabbit’s liver parenchyma.Methods Perfluorocarbon（PFC）-containing microbubbles（ST68-PFC）were prepared by sonication based on surfactant（Span 60 and Tween 80）.Subsequently,the resulting ST68-PFC microbubbles were coated using oppositely charged polyelectrolytes by microbubble-templated layer-by-layer self-assembly technique via electrostatic interaction.The enhancement effects in ultrasonic imaging on normal rabbit’s liver parenchyma were assessed.Results The obtained microbubbles exhibited a narrow size distribution.The polyelectrolytes were successfully assembled onto the surface of ST68-PFC microbubbles.In vivo experiment showed that polyelectrolyte multilayer film coated UCA effectively enhanced the imaging of rabbit’s liver parenchyma.Conclusions The novel microbubbles UCA coated with polyelectrolyte multilayer,when enabled more function,has no obvious difference in enhancement effects compared with the pre-modified microbubbles.The polymers with chemically active groups（such as amino group and carboxyl group）can be used as the outermost layer for attachment of targeting ligands onto microbubbles,allowing selective targeting of the microbubbles to combine with desired sites.4|26|3Updated：2024-04-10
- Abstract：Objective To analyze how the infection of human papillomavirus 16（HPV16）affects expression of DNA polymerase β（DNA polB）with the aim of probing the mechanism of over-expression of DNA polB in human cancers.Methods Four fragments of human DNA polB promoter were amplified and constructed into luciferase reporter vector pGL-Basic,generating pGL-BP,pGL-BMH,pGL-BMS,and pGL-BAT constructs respectively,and co-transfected with HPV16 or HPV6 into Hep2 cells.Luciferase activity was assayed 48 hours after transfection.Semi-quantitative RT-PCR was used to measure mRNA expression of endogenous DNA polB.Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization were used to analyze DNA polB expression and HPV16 or HPV6 infection in 38 cases of cervical lesions respectively.Results With co-transfection of HPV16 and DNA polB promoter-driving reporters into Hep2 cells,pGL-BP reporter in full-length DNA polB promoter presented markedly elevated luciferase activities（P<0.05）.However,the other three mutant reporters:pGL-BMH,pGL-BMS,and pGL-BAT,generated no reporting activities in the presence of HPV16（P>0.05）.On the contrary,all of polB promoter reporters were little stimulated in co-transfection of HPV6（P>0.05）.The transfection of HPV16 could enhance the endogenous polB mRNA expression compared with that of HPV6（3.42 vs.0.80,P<0.05）.The DNA polB expression was found in 8 of 10 HPV16-positive cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade III（CIN III）cases,while was only found in 3 of 11 HPV6-positive condyloma accuminatum cases,but was negative in all chronic cervicitis cases.The correlation of DNA polB expression with HPV16 infection in cervical lesions was significant（P<0.05）.Conclusions HPV16 is able to specifically stimulate the expression of DNA polB in human epithelial cells through interaction with the core upstream regulatory sequences of DNA polB promoter.Over-expression of DNA polB might be an explanation for the molecular mechanism underlying HPV-related human cancers.4|20|0Updated：2024-04-10
- Abstract：Objective To investigate the effects of enteral nutrition（EN）and parenteral nutrition（PN）on gastric motility and gastroenteric hormones after subtotal gastrectomy.Methods Forty-one patients underwent gastrectomy were randomly divided into EN group（n=20）and PN group（n=21）.From the first postoperative day to the seventh day,patients received either EN（EN group）or PN（PN group）with isocaloric（84.9 kJ·kg-1·d-1）and isonitrogenous（0.11 g·kg-1·d-1）intake.Serum gastrin（GAS）,plasma motilin（MTL）,and plasma cholecystokinin（CCK）were measured on preoperative day,the first and seventh postoperative day.Electrogastrography（EGG）was measured on preoperative day and the seventh postoperative day.Results Compared with preoperation,blood GAS,MTL,and CCK levels of 41 patients decreased significantly on the first day after subtotal gastrectomy（P<0.001）,but returned to the preoperative levels one week later.EGG after gastrectomy showed that gastric basal electrical rhythm was significantly restrained（P<0.001）.On the seventh day after subtotal gastrectomy,plasma MTL and CCK levels in EN group were higher than those in PN group（P<0.05）.There was no difference in GAS level between two groups.EGG in EN group was better than that in PN group postoperatively.Conclusions The levels of gastroenteritic hormones and the gastric motility decrease significantly after subtotal gastrectomy.In contrast with PN,EN can accelerate the recovery of MTL,CCK,and gastric motility after subtotal gastrectomy.4|18|4Updated：2024-04-10
- Abstract：Objective To evaluate islet β cell response to intravenous glucagon（a non-glucose secretagogue）stimulation in diabetes mellitus.Methods Nineteen patients with type 1 diabetes（T1D）and 131 patients with type 2 diabetes（T2D）were recruited in this study.T2D patients were divided into two groups according to therapy:36 cases treated with insulin and 95 cases treated with diet or oral therapy.The serum C-peptide levels were determined at fasting and six minutes after intravenous injection of 1 mg of glucagon.Results Both fasting and 6-minute post-glucagon-stimulated C-peptide levels in T1D patients were significantly lower than those of T2D patients（0.76±0.36 ng/mL vs.1.81±0.78 ng/mL,P<0.05;0.88±0.42 ng/mL vs.3.68±0.98 ng/mL,P<0.05）.In T1D patients,the C-peptide level after injection of glucagon was similar to the fasting level.In T2D,patients treated with diet or oral drug had a significantly greater fasting and stimulated C-peptide level than those patients received insulin therapy（2.45±0.93 ng/mL vs.1.61±0.68 ng/mL,P<0.05;5.26±1.24 ng/mL vs.2.15±0.76 ng/mL,P<0.05）.The serum C-peptide level after glucagon stimulation was positively correlated with C-peptide levels at fasting in all three groups（r=0.76,P<0.05）.Conclusions The 6-minute glucagon test is valuable in assessing the function of islet β cell in patients with diabetes mellitus.It is helpful for diagnosis and treatment of diabetes mellitus.4|47|8Updated：2024-04-10
- Abstract：Objective To investigate the management and outcome of cerebrospinal fluid leakage（CSFL）after cervical surgery.Methods Medical records of 642 patients who underwent cervical surgery between December 1999 and December 2005 at our hospital were retrospectively reviewed.Five patients complicated by CSFL after surgery were enrolled,of which 4 cases were complicated after ossified posterior longitudinal ligament or posterior vertebral osteophyte resection directly injuring the dura,and 1 case after posterior cervical double-door laminoplasty without observed dural injury during surgery.Of the 5 CSFL cases,4 cases occurred at 1-3 days after operation and 1 case at 9 days after operation.All 5 postoperative CSFL cases were treated through wound drainage removal,wound sutures,prophylactic antibiotics,and continuous subarachnoid drainage in the elevated head position.Results All 5 CSFL cases experienced leakage cessation within 1-3 days and wound healing within 4-8 days,and subarachnoid drainage lasted 11-16 days with an average volume of 320 mL（range,150-410 mL）.Four cases experienced headache,nausea and vomiting,1 case suffered from somnolence and hyponatremia,and symptoms subsided after symptomatic treatment and intravenous fluid administration.All patients were followed up for an average of 32 months（range,22-50 months）.No occurrence of cerebrospinal fluid cyst or wound infection was observed.CSFL produced no significant negative effects upon neuromuscular function recovery.Conclusion Continuous subarachnoid cavity drainage in combination with elevated head position is a simple and safe non-surgical method in treatment of CSFL following cervical surgery.4|44|8Updated：2024-04-10
- Abstract：<正>HUMAN herpes simplex virus esophagitis（HSVE）was first reported in 1940 by Johnson HSVE usually occurs in immunocompromised patients,such as those with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome（AIDS）,malignancies,cutaneousburns,connective tissue diseases,inflammatory boweldisease,those taking immuno-suppressive therapy,and those undergoing organ transplantation,et.4|12|2Updated：2024-04-10
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