Chinese Medical Sciences Journal ›› 2023, Vol. 38 ›› Issue (3): 218-227.doi: 10.24920/004214
• Original Article • Previous Articles Next Articles
Analysis of Medication Rules of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Malaria Treatment Based on Data Mining
Wen-Long Guo1, *(
), Hui-Juan Jiang1, Yan-Rong Li2, Jin-Long Yang1
- 1Science Teaching Department, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Dingxi 743000, Gansu Province, China
2Medical Teaching Department, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Dingxi 743000, Gansu Province, China
-
Received:2023-02-13Accepted:2023-06-06Published:2023-09-30Online:2023-06-28 -
Contact:* E-mail:dxszgwl@163.com .
| Malaria remains a global public health problem and continues to spread worldwide. This paper analyzes the prescription for malaria by drug statistics, constructs complex networks and cluster analysis to get the core drugs for malaria, and applies the Apriori algorithm to analyze the association rules to get the core drug pairs and drug combinations for malaria. |
Cite this article
Wen-Long Guo, Hui-Juan Jiang, Yan-Rong Li, Jin-Long Yang. Analysis of Medication Rules of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Malaria Treatment Based on Data Mining[J].Chinese Medical Sciences Journal, 2023, 38(3): 218-227.
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Table 1.
Statistical results of the frequency of herbal use (top 40)"
| Medicine name | Chinese name | Frequency/times |
|---|---|---|
| Radix Glycyrrhizae | Gan cao (甘草) | 200 |
| Rhizoma Pinelliae | Ban xia (半夏) | 100 |
| Radix Bupleuri | Chai hu (柴胡) | 99 |
| Radix Dichroae | Chang shan (常山) | 99 |
| Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae | Chen pi (陈皮) | 94 |
| Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis | Hou po (厚朴) | 77 |
| Poria | Fu ling (茯苓) | 69 |
| Ginseng | Ren shen (人参) | 67 |
| Fructus Tsaoko | Cao guo (草果) | 64 |
| Radix Scutellariae | Huang qin (黄芩) | 63 |
| Rhizoma Atractylodis | Cang zhu (苍术) | 57 |
| Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae | Bai zhu (白术) | 57 |
| Cinnabaris | Zhu sha (朱砂) | 56 |
| Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride | Qing pi (青皮) | 55 |
| Semen Arecae | Bing lang (槟榔) | 55 |
| Cortex Cinnamomi | Rou gui (肉桂) | 51 |
| Rhizoma Anemarrhenae | Zhi mu (知母) | 48 |
| Radix Angelicae Sinensis | Dang gui (当归) | 47 |
| Fructus Mume | Wu mei (乌梅) | 46 |
| Realgar | Xiong huang (雄黄) | 41 |
| Rhizoma Chuanxiong | Chuan xiong (川芎) | 41 |
| Carapax Trionycis | Bie jia (鳖甲) | 37 |
| Cablin Potchouli | Huo xiang (藿香) | 36 |
| Radix Aucklandiae | Mu xiang (木香) | 36 |
| Radix Et Rhizoma Rhei | Da huang (大黄) | 30 |
| Radix Paeoniae Alba | Bai shao (白芍) | 30 |
| Moschus | She xiang (麝香) | 29 |
| Rhizoma Cimicifugae | Sheng ma (升麻) | 29 |
| Dried ginger | Gan jiang (干姜) | 28 |
| Folium Perillae | Zi su ye (紫苏叶) | 26 |
| Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata | Fu zi (附子) | 26 |
| Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens | Sheng jiang (生姜) | 26 |
| Fructus Aurantii | Zhi ke (枳壳) | 25 |
| Rhizoma Et Radix Notopterygii | Qiang huo (羌活) | 25 |
| Arsenic | Pi shuang (砒霜) | 24 |
| Chinese date | Da zao (大枣) | 24 |
| Arsenlite | Pi shi (砒石) | 23 |
| Fructus Crotonis | Ba dou (巴豆) | 23 |
| Semen Persicae | Tao ren (桃仁) | 22 |
| Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae | Bei mu (贝母) | 20 |
Table 1.
Table 2.
Commonly used therapeutic Methods of 357 herbs"
| Therapeutic methods | Chinese term | Number of herbs | Therapeutic methods, n(%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Supplementing | Bu xu (补虚) | 43 | 572(17.91) |
| Exterior-releasing | Jie biao (解表) | 26 | 373(11.68) |
| Heat-clearing | Qing re (清热) | 44 | 296(9.27) |
| Qi-rectifying | Li qi (理气) | 15 | 271(8.48) |
| Dampness-resolving | Hua shi (化湿) | 9 | 258(8.08) |
| Blood-invigorating and stasis-dissolving | Huo xue hua yu (活血化瘀) | 29 | 176(5.51) |
| Phlegm-dissolving and cough-panting-relieving | Hua tan zhi ke (化痰止咳) | 13 | 171(5.35) |
| Interior-warming | Wen li (温里) | 12 | 147(4.60) |
| Urination-promoting and dampness-percolating | Li shui qu shi (利水祛湿) | 20 | 125(3.91) |
| Emetic | Yong tu (涌吐) | 3 | 114(3.57) |
| Poison-attacking, insect-killing, and antipruritic | Gong du sha chong zhi yang (攻毒杀虫止痒) | 17 | 106(3.32) |
| Mind-calming | An shen (安神) | 15 | 86(2.69) |
| Purgative | Xie xia (泻下) | 13 | 83(2.60) |
| Detoxifying and muscle-activating | Ba du sheng ji (拔毒生肌) | 14 | 69(2.16) |
| Digestant | Xiao shi (消食) | 10 | 61(1.91) |
| Worm-expelling | Qu chong (驱虫) | 3 | 58(1.82) |
| Astringent | Shou se (收涩) | 5 | 57(1.78) |
| Wind-dampness- expelling | Qu feng shi (祛风湿) | 18 | 48(1.50) |
| Resuscitative | Kai qiao (开窍) | 5 | 45(1.41) |
| Liver-calming and wind-extinguishing | Ping gan xi feng (平肝息风) | 13 | 33(1.03) |
| Bleeding-stanching | Zhi xue (止血) | 9 | 14(0.44) |
| Others | 21 | 31(0.97) | |
| Total | 357 | 3194(100) |
Table 2.
Table 3.
Statistics of the properties, flavors, and meridian tropisms of 357 herbs in prescriptions for malaria, n (%)"
| Property | Number of herbs | Flavor | Number of herbs | Meridian tropism | Number of herbs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Warm | 100 (34) | Pungent | 135 (30) | Liver | 116 (21) |
| Natural | 62 (21) | Sweet | 114 (25) | Lung | 93 (17) |
| Cold | 54 (19) | Bitter | 109 (24) | Heart | 75 (13) |
| Slightly cold | 25 (9) | Salty | 36 (8) | Kidney | 67 (12) |
| Cool | 21 (7) | Sour | 25 (5) | Stomach | 67 (12) |
| Slightly warm | 14 (5) | Light | 12 (3) | Spleen | 63 (11) |
| Hot | 9 (3) | Slightly bitter | 11 (2) | Large intestine | 41 (7) |
| Extremely hot | 3 (1) | Astringent | 8 (2) | Bladder | 24 (4) |
| Extremely cold | 2 (1) | Slightly sweet | 5 (1) | Small intestine | 8 (1) |
| Extremely warm | 1 (0) | Sanjiao | 3 (1) | ||
| Total | 277 | 455 (100) | 557 (100) |
Table 3.
Figure 1
Complex network of herbs of the prescriptions for malaria in TCM. Each node in the herb area represents a herb, and the node size represents the number of drug citations. A larger node indicates more citations. The edge represents the formula’s typical citation relationship between the two drugs. A darker color of the side represents more citations, and different colors represent different drug classes. The basic attribute area represents the three essential attributes of herbs: property, flavor, and meridian tropism. The node size represents the number of drugs related to this attribute. A larger node represents more drugs belonging to this attribute. The legend area describes the classes and essential attributes of the herbs."
Figure 1
Figure 2.
Results of cluster analysis for the complex network of herbs of the prescriptions for malaria in TCM"
Figure 2.
Table 4.
Information of cluster analysis for the complex network of herbs of the prescriptions for malaria in TCM"
| Cluster | Score (Density*#Nodes) | Nodes | Edges | Seed node |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 45.000 | 59 | 1417 | Ginseng (人参) |
| 2 | 9.033 | 61 | 277 | Resina Ferulae(阿魏) |
| 3 | 8.581 | 32 | 134 | Carapax Trionycis(鳖甲) |
| 4 | 8.579 | 39 | 173 | Radix Clematidis(威灵仙) |
Table 4.
Table 5.
Core herbs (n=61) for the prescriptions for malaria in TCM"
| ID | Herb name | ID | Herb name |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Radix Glycyrrhizae (甘草) | 32 | Radix Angelicae Dahuricae (白芷) |
| 2 | Cinnabaris (朱砂) | 33 | Fructus Mume (乌梅) |
| 3 | Rhinoceros Unicornis L (犀角) | 34 | Cablin Potchouli (藿香) |
| 4 | Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (陈皮) | 35 | Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (附子) |
| 5 | Rhizoma Pinelliae (半夏) | 36 | Flos Caryophylli (丁香) |
| 6 | Radix Aucklandiae (木香) | 37 | Rhizoma Cyperi (香附) |
| 7 | Radix Bupleuri (柴胡) | 38 | Radix Puerariae (葛根) |
| 8 | Radix Et Rhizoma Rhei (大黄) | 39 | Talcun |
| 9 | Cortex Cinnamomi (肉桂) | 40 | Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (生姜) |
| 10 | Radix Scutellariae (黄芩) | 41 | Semen Persicae (桃仁) |
| 11 | Radix Dichroae (常山) | 42 | Radix Ophiopogonis (麦冬) |
| 12 | Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (厚朴) | 43 | Radix Astragali (黄芪) |
| 13 | Radix Angelicae Sinensis (当归) | 44 | Folium Perillae (紫苏叶) |
| 14 | Ginseng (人参) | 45 | Radix Saposhnikoviae (防风) |
| 15 | Rhizoma Atractylodis (苍术) | 46 | Medicated Leaven (神曲) |
| 16 | Poria (茯苓) | 47 | Rhizoma Coptidis (黄连) |
| 17 | Moschus (麝香) | 48 | Herba Ephedrae (麻黄) |
| 18 | Carapax Trionycis (鳖甲) | 49 | Rhizoma Curcumae (莪术) |
| 19 | Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride (青皮) | 50 | Chinese date (大枣) |
| 20 | Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (白术) | 51 | Cortex Moutan (丹皮) |
| 21 | Rhizoma Et Radix Notopterygii (羌活) | 52 | Bitter Apricot seed (杏仁) |
| 22 | Rhizoma Chuanxiong (川芎) | 53 | Fermented soya beans (豉) |
| 23 | Realgar (雄黄) | 54 | Cassia Twig (桂枝) |
| 24 | Semen Arecae (槟榔) | 55 | Gypsum Fibrosum (石膏) |
| 25 | Rhizoma Cimicifugae (升麻) | 56 | Akebia Stem (木桶) |
| 26 | Frankincense (乳香) | 57 | Common Burreed Rhizome (三棱) |
| 27 | Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (知母) | 58 | Herba Artemisiae Annuae (青蒿) |
| 28 | Radix Paeoniae Alba (白芍) | 59 | Linderae Radix (乌药) |
| 29 | Dried ginger (干姜) | 60 | Maire Sophora (黑豆) |
| 30 | Fructus Aurantii (枳壳) | 61 | Bomeolum Syntheticum (冰片) |
| 31 | Fructus Tsaoko (草果) |
Table 5.
Figure 3.
Venn chart of core herbs of the prescriptions for treating different malaria syndromes in TCM CM: cold malaria; LM: labor malaria; MWP: malaria with splenomegaly; WM: warm malaria; MM: miasmic malaria"
Figure 3.
Table 6.
Core herbs used for treating different malaria syndromes"
| Intersection | Count | Items |
|---|---|---|
| Labour malaria, cold malaria, miasmic malaria, and warm malaria | 37 | Fructus Mume (乌梅), Rhizoma Chuanxiong (川芎), Rhizoma Atractylodis (苍术), Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (厚朴), Fructus Tsaoko (草果), Radix Dichroae (常山), Radix Bupleuri (柴胡), Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (羌活), Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (生姜), Herba Ephedrae (麻黄), Rhizoma Cimicifugae (升麻), Cassia Twig (桂枝), Radix Scutellariae (黄芩), Herba Artemisiae Annuae (青蒿), Cortex Cinnamomi (肉桂), dried ginger (干姜), Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (附子), Rhizoma Pinelliae (半夏), Radix Platycodonis (桔梗), Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae (贝母), Radix Et Rhizoma Rhei (大黄), Radix Aucklandiae (木香), Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride (青皮), Radix Angelicae Sinensis (当归), ginseng (人参), Radix Glycyrrhizae (甘草), Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (白术), Radix Paeoniae Alba (白芍), Chinese date (大枣), Radix Astragali (黄芪), Radix Ophiopogonis (麦冬), Radix Rehmanniae Preparata (熟地黄), poria (茯苓), Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae (秦艽), and Semen Arecae (槟榔) |
| Cold malaria and miasmic malaria | 3 | Cablin Potchouli (藿香), Fructus Amomi (砂仁), and Rhizoma Cyperi (香附) |
| Cold malaria, miasmic malaria, and warm malaria | 5 | Radix Puerariae (葛根), Radix Angelicae Dahuricae (白芷), Folium Perillae (紫苏叶), Radix Saposhnikoviae (防风), and Rhizoma Coptidis (黄连) |
| Labour malaria, cold malaria, and miasmic malaria | 1 | Radix Peucedani (前胡) |
| Miasmic malaria and warm malaria | 1 | Herba Asari (细辛) |
| Miasmic malaria | 1 | Herba Menthae (薄荷) |
| Malaria with splenomegaly | 12 | Flos Caryophylli (丁香), Rhizoma Curcumae (莪术), Fructus Foeniculi (小茴香), Medicated Leaven (神曲), Exocarpium Citri Rubrum (橘红), Radix Angelicae Pubescentis (独活), Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (枳实), Cinnabaris (朱砂), Carapax Trionycis (鳖甲), Cortex Moutan (丹皮), Fructus Crataegi (山楂), and Concha Ostreae (牡蛎) |
Table 6.
Figure 4.
Scatter plot for 7,414 association rules of core herb distribution. The rules are densely distributed in the support range of 0 to 0.05, with low support but high confidence, and these rules are used less frequently."
Figure 4.
Table 7.
Binomial rules in association rules of core herbs for treating malaria"
| ID | From | To | Support | Confidence | Lift | Count |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Radix Scutellariae (黄芩) | Radix Bupleuri (柴胡) | 0.11 | 0.81 | 3.77 | 51 |
| 2 | Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (厚朴) | Radix Glycyrrhizae (甘草) | 0.15 | 0.86 | 1.98 | 67 |
| 3 | Poria | Radix Glycyrrhizae (甘草) | 0.13 | 0.86 | 1.97 | 59 |
| 4 | Rhizoma Chuanxiong (川芎) | Radix Glycyrrhizae (甘草) | 0.08 | 0.85 | 1.97 | 35 |
| 5 | Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (白术) | Radix Glycyrrhizae (甘草) | 0.1 | 0.81 | 1.86 | 46 |
| 6 | Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (陈皮) | Radix Glycyrrhizae (甘草) | 0.16 | 0.8 | 1.84 | 75 |
| 7 | Radix Scutellariae (黄芩) | Radix Glycyrrhizae (甘草) | 0.11 | 0.79 | 1.83 | 50 |
| 8 | Radix Bupleuri (柴胡) | Radix Glycyrrhizae (甘草) | 0.17 | 0.78 | 1.79 | 77 |
| 9 | Rhizoma Atractylodis (苍术) | Radix Glycyrrhizae (甘草) | 0.1 | 0.77 | 1.78 | 44 |
| 10 | Ginseng (人参) | Radix Glycyrrhizae (甘草) | 0.11 | 0.73 | 1.69 | 49 |
| 11 | Fructus Tsaoko (草果) | Radix Glycyrrhizae (甘草) | 0.1 | 0.72 | 1.66 | 46 |
| 12 | Rhizoma Pinelliae (半夏) | Radix Glycyrrhizae (甘草) | 0.15 | 0.71 | 1.64 | 71 |
Table 7.
Table 8.
Tripartite rules in association rules of core herbs for treating malaria"
| ID | From | To | Support | Confidence | Lift | Count |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Radix Glycyrrhizae (甘草), Radix Scutellariae (黄芩) | Radix Bupleuri (柴胡) | 0.09 | 0.84 | 3.91 | 42 |
| 2 | Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (厚朴), Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (陈皮) | Radix Glycyrrhizae (甘草) | 0.09 | 0.89 | 2.05 | 40 |
| 3 | Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (厚朴), Rhizoma Pinelliae (半夏) | Radix Glycyrrhizae (甘草) | 0.09 | 0.88 | 2.02 | 42 |
| 4 | Pericarpium Citri Reticulataee (陈皮), Rhizoma Pinelliae (半夏) | Radix Glycyrrhizae (甘草) | 0.09 | 0.87 | 2.00 | 40 |
| 5 | Radix Bupleuri (柴胡), Radix Scutellariae (黄芩) | Radix Glycyrrhizae (甘草) | 0.09 | 0.82 | 1.90 | 42 |
| 6 | Radix Bupleuri (柴胡), Rhizoma Pinelliae (半夏) | Radix Glycyrrhizae (甘草) | 0.08 | 0.76 | 1.75 | 38 |
Table 8.
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